The Benefits of Understanding Financial Ratios Essay

The Benefits of Understanding Financial Ratios - Essay Example Within the questions that were considered were the specific ratios CFAs use to measure liquidity, long-term debt paying ability, and probability; and what are the relative importance of specific financial ratios. While there were sixty-ratios considered, a number of prominent points emerged. In these regards, it’s noted that a single ratio oftentimes functions to measure more than one aspect of financial health. One example is that a ratio of days’ sales measures both liquidity and profitability. In terms of the most important financial ratio, analysts placed the most emphasis on return on equity after tax. b) Specification of thesis – main point The main point thesis of the article is that financial analysis places great emphasis on the corporate annual report and the financial ratios that examine it. A further thesis is that financial ratios have a varying degree of importance in terms of a variety of financial categories, specifically liquidity, long-term debt paying ability, and profitability. c) Supporting opinions/reasons There is a great body of research that supports the notion that financial ratios are an integral part of determining a firm’s financial performance. ... al to measuring a business’ financial performance and future viability; in addition they add the DuPont Ratio as a significant financial ratio for analysis. Financial ratios have also been extended to examine the financial strength of a firm when enlisting an underwriter before an IPO; this perspective was noted by Quantitative Applications in Economics & Finance (2008). Another prominent perspective was advanced by Kaufman (1995). Kaufman (1995) considered that bank failures are oftentimes linked and anticipated by the key financial ratio of low capital-to-assets. d) Opposing opinions/reasons While there are a number of strong elements supporting these understandings of financial rations, there are also a number of opposing perspectives. One perspective, as proposed by Ming-Yuan, Meng-Feng, et all (2007), argues that instead of financial ratios, behavioral determinants of firms’ oversees financing policies function as the primary analytic criteria. This study examined behavioral factors of, â€Å"(1) persistence behavior effects, (2) mental account effects, (3) the year of the company, (4) attraction effect, (5) character qualifications of managers and (6) overseas investment effects† (Ming-Yuan, Meng-Feng, et all 2007, pg. 183) in attempting to determine financial strength. The study revealed that there were statistically significant correlations between behavioral aspects and firms’ oversees financing decisions. Even more notable, financial ratios were not influential in these decisions. Another prominent consideration was that advanced by Pantos (2008). Pantos (2008) argues that previous arguments, specifically those of Emm and Gay (2005), that high concentration ratios can demonstrate significant risk implications in over-the-counter derivatives markets are

Dhirubhai Ambani Essay Example for Free

Dhirubhai Ambani Essay Man who knew how to lead in this world by creating our own path towards success. Dhirubhai Ambani was well known for his achievements. His spirit and attitude towards the work made him an extra ordinary gentleman. He was born in the small village in state of Gujarat, India and was a son of a school teacher. Being in the inspirational background, he had learned how to live with hopes and transform them into reality. His confidence helped him accomplishing all his targets in life. Dhirubhai desired of getting well educated but it turned as a dream and regretted all through his life. Mousumi Kumar. (2012). He believed in following the right path and opportunities will come in the way. With this attitude he built Reliance Industries which was first private sector Company to enter fortunes global 500 companies. In 2002, Reliance Industry contributed 3% in India’s GDP and 5% towards countries export. (The story of Dhirubhai Ambani, 2011.) His Vision Dhirubhai Ambani worked in Aden as a petrol pump attendant. He then decided rather than working for other company he would start one of his own. He returned to India and envisioned the future of India. Pursue your goals even in the face of difficulties, and convert adversities into opportunities. Reliance Industries Limited (2005) He always took the step further into the business regardless of difficulties. ‘No’ is the word he never understood in his life. His admiration towards growth of India was the main objective of his life. Dhirubhai Ambani led himself to his vision by building the trust with the people all around India. He believed that Reliance industry was the peoples company not his. (The story of Dhirubhai Ambani, 2011.) The early vision of Dhirubhai was to find gas and oil in India which he accomplished within 25years of his life. He bought new technology from around the world and builds world class refinery in India and was pioneer in providing the best infrastructure facilities to the people in and around him. He was fond of his own philosophies. He admired that the person needs no invitations to make profits but need to grab the opportunities at right time. Mousumi Kumar. (2012).When Dhirubhai entered the telecommunication industry; his vision was â€Å"Karlo Duniya Muthi Main†, means keeping the world in your fist. This motto was not only for him or for his company but also for the customer of his company. (The story of Dhirubhai Ambani, 2011.) His Leadership in Organizational Effectiveness A leadership quality was a gift of god for him. He always thought positive towards any step he takes in life. His qualities have not only benefited himself but also to the shareholders of the company. He believed in joining hands with Indian citizens rather than leading alone. Dhirubhai saw the great potential in Indian market and found the capabilities of Indian people. In 1977 when Dhirubhai thought of expansion and opened his hands to Indian people and became the public’s company. The small investors were not keen about the company’s growth but had put their money on trust he built with the people. They trusted the inspirational qualities of Dhirubhai and the pace of growth with his positive attitude. Mousumi Kumar. (2012) His effectiveness and efficiency made the company proud after building the world class refinery in Jamnagar (Gujarat). In the period of 11 months he got the best technology, best infrastructure and best employees to the plant and made it running within a year. His inspiration has removed the word ‘impossible’ from the mind of the people. One of the famous philosophy or quote of Dhirubhai Ambani was Growth has no limit at Reliance. I keep revising my vision. Only when you dream it you can do it. Reliance Industries Limited (2005) and Mousumi Kumar. (2012). He always trusted the future and found that there will be more growth in upcoming industrial era but what led him to heights was his ability to find a best opportunity for the country and for people. For him trust was greater than money. Today the Reliance Industry is well known for its trustworthiness towards the stakeholders and without this approach Reliance Industries wouldn’t have reached such heights. His policy was once if the decisions are made and should be implemented as soon as possible without any delays or losing the opportunity. He was man of his words. His ability to see the future was far upward than any man in his times. For example- In 1966, Dhirubhai used a strategy of backward integration to build a textile empire without any second thought in his mind. He faced many problems while taking this decision but he always moved as he got the opportunities and started the new textile company called Vimal. When he achieved success with this strategic decision he found that he can do anything possible in this world with good support and bless of the people he trusted in. RIL (2005) Effectiveness towards his work was more important for him. Grabbing the opportunity isn’t everything but implementing it effectively is more important and that is what he left behind after his death. His vision and mission were the challenge for himself and he loved playing with those challenges. He would always take challenges and barriers on him even on behalf of stakeholders. His philosophy was dream to the core and dreaming has no limits or barriers and doesn’t cost a penny. His inspiration towards the employees of Reliance Industry was if you don’t get the opportunity don’t wait for but create one of your own.

Nanocrystal (Nanoparticles) Drug Delivery in Oncology

Nanocrystal (Nanoparticles) Drug Delivery in Oncology Introduction The aim of this literature review is to expand the boundaries of our knowledge by exploring some relevant literature related to the role of nano-particle in cancer treatment and toxicology. In this paper, the author will discuss the importance of nanocrystals in treating and managing cancers. For this, the author will refer to three different scholarly articles. Heidel Davis, (2011) accentuated that the treatment of cancer is complicated by the exact nature of the cancer cells, the tissue they originate from, and the tissue or tissues they hibernate and colonize in [1]. Many cancers, such as those affecting the colon or liver, remain tucked away in the darker recesses of the body, where they are challenging to detect and even more challenging to treat. Other cancers, such as melanoma or retinoblastoma, are at or near the surface of the body, and thus are more accessible to observation and treatment. All cancer therapies try to target characteristics that are peculiar to cancer cells so as not to damage normal cells. This could be a mutated protein, a peculiar behaviour pattern, such as an increased rate of cell division, or an elevated demand for oxygen to support high metabolic activity by the cancer cells [2]. Discussion Analysis Over 8,767 Australians were expected to die of cancer in 2020 [3]. Over 12 million new cases worldwide were diagnosed in 2007. Sixty percent of cancer cases occur in developing countries. Cancer is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, cancer is the number one cause of death in China. According to Phan et al., (2009), chemically attached nanocrystals to a viral envelope allowed the scientists to eradicate cancer cells using laser radiation [4]. Binding nanoparticles to an antibody specific for cancer cells can make easier the detection of advanced stage cancer cells. According to Colin, (2008), the ability to quantitatively and noninvasively detect targeted nanoparticles in vivo could provide a promising cancer diagnostic tool. Using nanoparticle to heat up tumors is a main focus in therapeutic oncology applications of nanoscale sciences and technologies [5]. Nanosized Cancer drug Nanocrystal helps in the advancement of creative chemotherapeutic medications particularly in the territory of harmful deteriorating treatment or solution for neurological issue or cancerous growth. It delivers nanosized medications that are just marginally bigger in size than proteins and are subsequently little to such a degree as to move crosswise over ion-control channels(e.g., the blood–brain barriers), scattered all through the entire body including entering the focal sensory system, the vasculature and enter cells specifically [6]. Nanosized pharmaceuticals, due to their greater surface territory and organic undertaking likewise allow lower centralizations of pharmaceuticals to be utilized; accordingly diminish the potential danger of unfavorable responses [7]. The propelled outside area of nanosized pharmaceuticals might likewise help to upgrade dissolvability and support rate of disintegration, in this manner increase oral bioavailability and allow all the more quick onset of remedial activity [8]. A showing of this future is the adaptation of naproxen that have been used to support the expand time in the blood of the patients to empower a great deal more quick issue and help than the acknowledged presentation of naproxen for their cancer treatment [9]. Nano consignment schemes for therapeutics and toxicology Numerous advances have been created to utilize nanoparticles as a part of the treatment regimen of biomedical imaging, toxicological analysis and pharmaceutical conveyance. Applications for these plans will supply materials for controlled medication committal by directing bearers to a particular area with attractive fields or fluorescence biological markers. The transporter will then be initiated on interest in a limited area. The anticipated and extended length of activity in this way help to abatement hindrance of basic redosing, advance patient consistence and keep away from the side effects that so regularly result from intense medications [10]. Use of Nanocrystal in Oncology The interstitial heating using nanoparticles was feasible in patients with cancer with local recurrence and had been previously irradiated. The treatment related toxicity was moderate and the quality of life affected only temporarily. The limiting factors of this technique at present are discomfort caused by high magnetic field strengths and suboptimal intratumoral distribution. Moreover, deposits in the prostates nanoparticles are very durable. At present there is no magnetic imaging and chemotherapy available or neither for direct injection of fluid under visual control real-time nor for a reliable picture of the tumor within the cancer cells. Therefore, the selective ablation of cancer separating normal tissue is not possible at this time, but may become an interesting future with improved diagnostic techniques image subject. Until our heating method is more refined and can be safely applied forces higher photo thermal therapy to achieve higher performance alone, this treatment modality is being evaluated in combination with radiation in patients with localized cancer. Quantum spots, one of the most well revised, are nanocrystals that fluoresce in distinct hues depending on their dimensions (e.g., Cadmium selenide) [11;12]. In the event that the target molecule is an early marker of cancerous detection, discovery of that molecule may show a higher inclination for illness. An illustration is to utilize nanoparticles to join to blood clumps and to help make clusters more clear by ultrasound [13]. Nanoshells, an alternate nanodelivery plan that is made out of copolymers, are used in mix with precise wavelengths of lights and hotness mastery for harmful ailment treatment. These nanodevices can be tuned precisely to drench up or scramble infrared beams. At the point when encased in with gold, they can adjust these types of light into high temperature and either issues the pharmaceutical into the encompassing tissue or specifically blazed/murder tumor units that is tie to these nanoshells [14]. Likewise, attractive fields could be used to center pharmaceutical particles at the tumor area and balancing the territories would discharge the pharmaceutical from the external layer to strike tumor units. Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Cancer Diagnosis Infusion of genetic characteristics into nanocapsules is being tried out. One of the quality being enquired is the tumor necrosis factor, a protein that is fatal to cancer cells as well as besides to wholesome units when infused in substantial measurements [15]. To sidestep impedance to ordinary tissue, the nanocapsule is covered with sensors that objective just on tumor cells. A persevering would then be uncovered to low-dose radiation or medications that launch the quality to make putrefaction part. Other nanodrug bearers, for example, quality firearm with gold particles, fullerenes (made completely out of carbon, as an empty circle (C60 Bucky balls or chamber (nanotubes) and dendrimers (round polymeric molecules) are likewise being inspected. An alternate mean of pharmaceutical conveyance is to settle pharmaceutical with nanoparticles, for instance albumin proteins. It uses the natural carrier albumin rather than synthetic solvents to consign paclitaxel and furthermore for protected management of high paclitaxel doses without premedication, producing in important antitumour undertaking in patients with metastatic breast cancerous disease. Nanodelivery schemes for gene therapy Nanomedical research could outcome in an array of new medical apparatuss. Interesting study projects include use of nano-electromechanical apparatus or nanowire field-effect transistor to detect insect baculovirus and lone influenza viruses respectively were undertook. It is wanted that development of these nanodevices can help doctor to find the difficulty areas in the body more precisely (Lam et al., 2004, p. 5). Other study works engage the use of biochips and microfluidic devices to computer display tissues for genetic dissimilarities and to design genetically target drugs. Cell/Tissue technology and the nanorobot Artificial nanoscale building blocks may one day be utilised to help repair, sustain, or replacement of the body’s tissue and body parts. Uvocalise nanotechnology, researcher may be adept to make better artificial veins, arteries and heart valves; evolve a scaffold for growing patches of heart tissue to repair impairment from heart attacks; and grow artificial lung tissue. The use of simple carbon single-wall nanotube sheets to develop artificial muscle is in the soonest stages [16]. One of the more significant matters is that the foreign components might be strike by the body’s immune units, therefore means of reducing the risk of immune answer continues the major dispute for nanotechnology research in the area of tissue technology. Some researchers are attempting to assemble convoluted nanorobots that can journey throughout the human body utilising molecular engines and computers, shop and transport substances, perform procedures and communicate with physicians. Respirocytes, a spherical carbon nanorobot, is an demonstration that mimic the activity of the natural hemoglobin-filled red blood cells and is being revised [17]. However, despite the stride at which study is progressing and the exhilaration generated by the outlook of nanorobots, it could be numerous years before nanorobots are checked in humans. Conclusion Cancer is a worldwide problem. Nanocrystal plays an increasing role in battling cancer worldwide and in achieving the goal of eliminating suffering and death from cancer by 2015. Moreover, the use of multifactorial Nanocrystal in detecting and diagnosing carcinomas and sarcomas at earlier stages can be beneficial but needs further studies and investigation before implementing it in clinical practice. The general is for government to assume a main part, at the same time with the educated community and business relationship, in adding to the empowering foundation for perceiving and considering nanomaterial potential dangers, including (1) ID of delegate or structure nanomaterial, in connection to the structure, measurements, property and undertaking; (2) creating poisonous quality testing convention, covering inward breath, dermal, ingestion, and infusion presentation courses, for ID of full gimmick of the nanomaterial in connection to material property, the proposed use by the conceiv ably inclined, helpless patient and a definitive clinical applications; (3) strengthening the building methodologies under Good developing perform (GMP) for nanomedicine in particularly in the zone of creation, pontoons, taking care of and stockpiling to twofold watch that relentlessness and nature of the last stock is supported; (4) recognizing and administering the introduction level in working environment, air/waterborne discharges, people and different life forms and ecological media; and (5) surveying the impact of nanocyrstal items on the indigenous habitat as a proactive danger administration. Early theoretical and experimental studies of the biocompatibility of nanomaterials and sophisticated nanodevices have begun. References 1. Heidel, J. D., Davis, M. E. (2011). Clinical developments in nanotechnology for cancer therapy.Pharmaceutical research,28(2), 187-199. 2. Misra, R., Acharya, S., Sahoo, S. K. (2010). Cancer nanotechnology: application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy.Drug Discovery Today,15(19), 842-850. 3. Staples, M. P., Elwood, M., Burton, R. C., Williams, J. L., Marks, R., Giles, G. G. (2006). Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: the 2002 national survey and trends since 1985.Med J Aust,184(1), 6-10. 4. Phan, J. H., Moffitt, R. A., Stokes, T. H., Liu, J., Young, A. N., Nie, S., Wang, M. D. (2009). Convergence of biomarkers, bioinformatics and nanotechnology for individualized cancer treatment.Trends in biotechnology,27(6), 350-358. 5. Colin D. Medley, Joshua E. Smith, Zhiwen Tang, Yanrong Wu, Suwussa Bamrungsap, and Weihong Tan* (2008), Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Assay for the Direct Detection of Cancerous Cells, Anal. Chem, 80, pp. 1067-1072 6. Chen et al., 2006 Z. Chen, H. Meng, G. Xing, C. Chen, Y. hao, G. Jia, T. Wang, H. Yuan, C. Ye, F. Zhao, Z. Chai, C. Zhu, X. Fang, B. Ma and L. Wan, Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo, Toxicol. Lett. 163 (2006), pp. 109–120. 7. Bucolo et al., 2002 C. Bucolo, A. Maltese, G. Puglisi and R. Pignatello, Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of Ibuprofen carried by an Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension, Ophthal. Res. 34 (2002), pp. 319–323. 8. Alexis, F., Rhee, J. W., Richie, J. P., Radovic-Moreno, A. F., Langer, R., Farokhzad, O. C. (2008). New frontiers in nanotechnology for cancer treatment. InUrologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations(Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 74-85). Elsevier. 9. Aliosmanoglu, A., Basaran, I. (2012). Nanotechnology in cancer treatment.J Nanomedicine Biotherapeutic Discov,2, 107. 10. Donaldson et al., 2004 K. Donaldson, V. Stone, C.L. Tran, W. Kreyling and P.J.A. Borm, Nanotoxicology, Occup. Environ. Med. 61 (2004), pp. 727–728. Full Text via CrossRef (144) 11. Ferrari, M. (2005). Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges.Nature Reviews Cancer,5(3), 161-171. 12. Barlow et al., 2005 P.G. Barlow, K. Donaldson, J. Maccallum, A. Clouter and V. Stone, Serum exposed to nanoparticle carbon black displays increased potential to induce macrophage migration, Toxicol. Lett. 155 (2005), pp. 397–401. 13. Gmeiner, W. H., Ghosh, S. (2014). Nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology Reviews,3(2), 111-122. 14. Bulte, J.W, (2009), Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging: Emerging Technologies and Applications. New York, Springer, pp. 2. 15. Wang, X., Yang, L., Chen, Z. G., Shin, D. M. (2008). Application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and imaging.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,58(2), 97-110. 16. Gmeiner, W. H., Ghosh, S. (2014). Nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology Reviews,3(2), 111-122. 17. Bucolo et al., 2002 C. Bucolo, A. Maltese, G. Puglisi and R. Pignatello, Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of Ibuprofen carried by an Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension, Ophthal. Res. 34 (2002), pp. 319–323.

TRICARE: The Restructuring of Military Healthcare System in Response to

In the U.S and other nations of the world, the health expenditure and number of physicians increase as the economy expands. However, physician shortage is of a great concern globally, which the U.S and the Military Healthcare System (MHS) are no exceptions. According to Garber (2004) â€Å"a shortage exit when there is unsatisfied demand, which occurs when the quantity of a good or service is less than what people will be willing to buy at the current price†. For example a long wait time to get an elective surgery done, or a long wait for a patient to get an appointment to see the doctor are evidence of physician shortage. Another definition of shortage is â€Å"having a projected supply of physicians that meet less than 80% of the forecasted demand or need, calculated at the estimated means (Scheffler, Liu, Kinfu, & Dal Poz, 2007). The World Health Organization report (2006) estimated that, 57 countries had absolute shortage of 2.3 million physicians. This shortage acco rding to prior studies implied the lack of a sufficient number of health care professionals to deliver skilled health interventions such as child-birth. Schaffer et al. (2007) projected the global supply of the physician workforce to balance the demand using the demand base model and sufficient surplus in the year 2015. Despite this projection of surplus and balance of the physician workforce globally, the problem of shortage will still remain with some countries and nations as a result of distributional problems that continue to persist, and Africa for instance will need about 65% increases in supply of physicians by the year 2015 (Scheffler et al., 2007). According to Cooper (2004 & 2005) the shortage of physicians in the U.S was related to the economic capacit... ....S and overseas to supplement the care provided to the growing beneficiary population in the MTFs. The MTF is the primary health care facility for TRICARE. TRICARE PCP shortage is due to deployment to war zones, humanitarian missions and special combat skill training. Throughout the research, attempts will be made to respond to the primary question and then the other sub questions in relation to; TRICARE background history, epidemiology, physician types, administration, policies and law, finance, personnel, marketing, ethical issues, beneficiary complaints and satisfaction. Other areas include the role restructuring plays in resolving the beneficiary complaints and the impact the restructuring of TRICARE will have on health care delivery to beneficiaries. The summary, recommendations and conclusion will be addressed finally to complete this research paper.

Exchange Risks Essay

The challenging issues in international business within the 20th and 21st century are currency and exchange rate risks. In the late 20th century, for instances, it has been clear that exchange rate risks considerations are critical for business survival. The economics crisis in the U. S. and most of European countries has displayed how the value of currencies in international business settings could alter the faith of millions of people, brought some to welfare and others to poverty. Concerning the business strategy into Brazilian market, the plan to strengthen market in the country is greatly influenced by economical factors such as the inflation figure of Brazil and the global economics crisis. The inflation figure is important since it influence the purchasing power of Brazilian. The global economic crisis also influences the country’s exchange rate of Brazilian currency that further influence the pricing of Bimbo bread products. In the light of this involvement, companies need to perform foreign currency risks assessments regarding the business activities. Most companies generally apply some of the financial tools that would protect them from foreign currency risk exposure, like futures, forward contract, etc. Recommendation The first analysis that Bimbo may take in expanding into foreign market is the country risk analysis. This is important factor for Bimbo since retail industry is low concentrated industry in which many local bread providers. In addition, country risk analysis also helps Bimbo in assessing whether a country has a set of policy that benefits business or vice versa. The figure 1 suggests that the more attractive a country is in terms of FDI index, the more likely that Bimbo must immediately presents in the country. Based on the FDI Index, we assess that Bimbo has performed suitable investment in Brazil. Since a country risk is only one factor in deciding a foreign direct investment, Bimbo must perform the next step that is to define marketing objectives to guide the company in assessing their productivity in foreign market. Figure 1 Top 25 Countries in term of FDI Confidence Index Source: A. T. Kearney Challenges of Grupo Bimbo in the U. S Choose the Suitable Entry Strategy In terms of market entry, there are many ways of entering a foreign market; each has its own economic and legal implications. Some entry strategies that multinational companies usually take are joint venture and foreign direct investment. Joint venture is a type of foreign market penetration strategy has a considerably large investment risk but this method consists of an opportunity to learn and create a greater presence in the targeted markets. Companies prefer to perform this type of market entry strategy when dealing with countries whose government put considerable restrictions on foreign ownership (Quick MBA, 2007). In case of Bimbo, the company may conduct joint marketing, for example, with local retailer named Lojas Americanas, a Brazil leading department store chain. This method provides Bimbo with the capability to learn the Brazilian retail market since at that time Customers’ Preferences Other risks in conducting international expansion are cultural issues. This factor then accumulates into becoming customers’ preferences. According to various studies in the field, culture is often an underestimated factor in managing corporate businesses. These studies also revealed that those companies that failed to place culture as an important business consideration often find themselves in a disappointing circumstance. Business investments that cost millions of US dollars could go down the drain due to such failure (Kwintessential, 2007). For instances, the Brazilian and U. S. customers consider the quality of product as the most important factor when deciding to buy merchandises. The other factors are price, value added and packaging. Today, however, realizing the global environment we are living in, companies are becoming increasingly cultural sensitive. There are various examples of corporations that hired people from various backgrounds and discover a synergy within their cooperation. In terms of Bimbo, in order to cope with cultural issues, the company also makes some cultural adjustment such as the use of advertisement media. If in the U. S. , the company spends many television advertising, in the Brazil, Bimbo takes many radio advertisings since many Brazilian housewives listen to the radio more often then watching television. Reference: Ball, Donald A. et al. (2002). International Business the Challenge of Global Competition. McGraw Hill Holt, David H and Wigginton, Karen W. (2002). International Management. Thomson Kotler, Philip. (2000). Marketing Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc Kwintessential. (2007). Cultural Sensitivity in Business. Retrieved October 10, 2008 from http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/cultural-services/articles/cultural-sensitivity. html Quick MBA. (2007). Foreign Market Entry Modes. Retrieved October 10, 2008 from http://www. quickmba. com/strategy/global/marketentry/.

Ira essays

Ira essays If you're like most people, there's nothing more important to you than your family. As difficult as it is for you to imagine not being there for them, it's a risk we all face. To help be sure your loved ones have the financial protection they'll need, it's important to not only think about the unexpected, but to plan for it. If you were gone, who would provide for your loved ones? Who would help... Cover the cost of raising your children? Life insurance can help give your family the protection they need while providing you with peace of mind. It can help provide continuing income and help pay the billskeeping your family's hopes and dreams alive even after your death. or to find out if you're approved for up to $150,000 of immediate 10-year term life insurance that could save you up to 30%.* Coverage starts today with no medical exam if Or, get more information on other life insurance coverage offered through U.S. Bancorp in higher coverage amounts for maximum coverage at the lowest premiums that can be designed for long-term protection while providing flexibility in terms of premium payments and cash value accumulation. Applying for 10- and 20-year underwritten term and universal life insurance involves an interview and a medical exam (including blood and urine samples). Initially, premiums are lower than those for various forms of whole life insurance, thus allowing you to purchase higher amounts of insurance coverage. It is good for covering specific needs that will disappear in time, such as Premiums will increase as you grow older and at the end of the term of the policy you purchase, such as 10 year term. In the 11th year the premiums will increase. ...

Shakespeare Research Paper Topics and Ideas

Shakespeare Research Paper Topics and Ideas It is likely that you will need to write an essay or research paper about William Shakespeare at some point during your studying since the significance of his impact on literature is undoubted. It is also likely that youre going to face difficulties while reading Shakespeare’s creations because there is a centuries-gap between you; the spoken and literary language was way different back then, which makes it hard to comprehend. However, there are myriads of studies that explore almost every part of his writings and ought to help you complete your assignment. Nevertheless, it might be hard for you to pick the right topic to start with. In fact, you can write about any subject that you are interested in, be it racism, feminism, gender issues, literary or rhetorical devices, genres of literature, templates of stories and narration, symbolism, and many others, since Shakespeare’s creations include all issues mentioned above. While working on any of these topics, keep in mind that a research paper requires a thorough study of the subject and references to credible sources. Topics: 1. Shakespeare’s Environmental Imagery In his works, Shakespeare uses plenty of descriptive details, many of which convey an important message and are essential to the plot. For instance, in â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream,† the imagery of the environment, particularly of the Moon, plays a vital role in building the story and dialogs between the characters. Try to find parts where a description of a surrounding is important to understanding a specific scene. 2. Shakespeare as the Subject of Gender Discourse Shakespeare’s works played a significant role in understanding the mentality of Renaissance society. The author is known for creating outstanding female characters and showing their conflicts with the culture they live in. Describe how important is the contribution of Shakespeare to the gender discourse, taking a particular work or works as examples. 3. Cross-Gender Interference Gender interference occurs when a character possesses both masculine and feminine qualities in verbal behavior. If you want to pick this topic for your research, then it is essential to consider existing gender language stereotypes. In your paper, you can focus on the character of Titania and the changes in her communicative behavior, which happen during the story. 4. Gender Roles Differentiation While the previous topic discusses the fusion of gender roles, gender differentiation implies that there is a strict division between the personalities of female and male characters. Your paper can examine the differentiation of gender roles of Demetrius and Helena from â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream.† Describe how their images correspond to the stereotypes of the Renaissance period. 5. The Danger of Gender The setting of â€Å"Othello† depicts women not only as man’s possession but also as the holders of their reputation. Woman’s infidelity was considered a shame for a man since it was equivalent to unacceptable disobedience and contrariness. Consider how has this fact led to the well-known ending of the â€Å"Othello† story, provide examples from the play. 6. The Theme of Marriage In â€Å"Othello,† Shakespeare depicted that unmarried daughters are no more than a property of their fathers. It is especially vivid on an example of Desdemona and her father Brabantio. During the story, when Desdemona secretly marries Othello, her father feels like he was robbed since his property was stolen. Thus, you can describe the mentality concerning marriage in â€Å"Othello,† and how it differs from the perception of your culture. 7. The Theme of Racism Racism is another controversial topic depicted in â€Å"Othello.† Brabantio perceived Desdemona’s and Othello’s union as something unnatural and resulted from witchcraft since from his old-fashioned point of view, interracial relationships are forbidden. In your research paper, you can examine these racial issues that were shown in â€Å"Othello,† and correlate them to past or modern realities. 8. The Theme of Feminism in â€Å"Othello† Although there are a few female characters in â€Å"Othello,† Shakespeare provides them with unique and sometimes even rebellious personalities. Give due attention to each of the female characters, describe their behavior and provide textual evidence. Try to discover which one of them resembles the image of a modern feminist. 9. Melodrama and Shakespeare Shakespeare’s creations had a significant impact on the development of the melodrama genre. For instance, the theme of forbidden but strong love between two people from fighting clans, families, or countries, which originally was shown in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet,† is recurring in the modern literature. Strive to notice such themes in literature or cinematography and compare it to Shakespeare’s text. 10. Tragedy in Shakespeare’s Plays Shakespeare’s works are famous for their unexpected and often tragic endings. In your paper, discuss the unique features of the Shakespearian tragedy that distinguishes it from other works of this genre. For this assignment, it is critically important to refer to works of credible researchers and provide textual pieces of evidence, citing them according to the required formatting style. 11. Comedy in Shakespeare’s Plays Not only do Shakespeare’s texts have bitter stories, but they also do not lack the humorous component. For instance, in â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream,† he jokingly refers to Queen Elizabeth I, also known as The Virgin Queen. Thus, a humorous component of his texts can concern even out-of-the-plot events. Try to examine and discuss such parts, and support your claims with pieces of evidence. 12. Historic Events in Shakespearean Literature In his creations, Shakespeare quite often refers to real historical events and uses them as a basis for a plot or simply as a character’s feature. For this topic, you should examine some of his famous works and make a thorough research of a chosen subject. 13. External Impact on Shakespeare Shakespeare’s works were influenced by the time in which the author lived and by events that occurred back then. For this assignment, it is important to attentively study the biography of the English playwright and research some corresponding academic literature. You can choose, for instance, to describe the impact of political events on Shakespeare’s oeuvre. 14. Revolution in Literature As one of the truly outstanding figures in world literature, Shakespeare made a significant contribution to its development. For this topic, you should examine how his works influenced, changed, or even revolutionized the situation in the literary world. Keep in mind, however, that your claims should be backed up with opinions of credible researchers. 15. Shakespeare’s Style of Writing Shakespeare was the founder of myriads of literary devices, which writers still use nowadays. For insistence, in contrast to his contemporaries, who used stock characters in their creations, Shakespeare focused on the depth of characters’ personalities, making them look real and controversial. You can build your research paper on describing similar literary devices and finding their equivalents in modern literature. 16. Recurring Themes in Shakespeare’s Sonnets There are over 150 sonnets created by Shakespeare, and many of them have recurring themes or main ideas. For this topic, you should pick several sonnets that you consider to be similar by poetic meaning, and try to defend your position, supporting it with scholarly sources. 17. Use of Rhetorical Devices The use of rhetoric devices defines the persuasiveness of a literary work and emotional reaction from it. Among the most used tools in Shakespearian literature are similes, metaphors, and parallelism. In your research paper, you can examine a rhetoric component of his work or works, and explain how efficiently or inefficiently it was implemented. 18. The Symbolism of Shakespearian Literature It is common to literature when one feature in the text (statement) actually represents something else, and many authors tend to implement abstract ideas in their writings. In your paper, try to track such symbolism in Shakespeare’s work or works. Explain how the understanding of this symbolism adds to the perception of the writing overall. 19. The Theme of Revenge Talking about Shakespeare, it is also necessary to mention â€Å"Hamlet,† one of his most famous and recognized creations. There are numerous researches focused on this writing, and you can just pick one of them and strive to add something new. For instance, you can examine the theme of revenge and hesitations of the main character, depicted in â€Å"Hamlet.† 20. Educational Value of Shakespeare’s Oeuvre Since Shakespearean literature is covered in curriculum of almost every educational institution, you can build your research paper on explaining the reasons of why Shakespeare’s works are either vital for education or overestimated. However, remember that this is not merely a reflection paper, which means that it also needs you to do research and refer opinions of scholars. Conclusion To sum up, William Shakespeare was a truly outstanding author since there are hundreds of thousands of studies devoted to his works and many more that are conducted now. With the help of the mentioned-above topics, your research paper can carry on this academic race, and maybe you will be the one to reveal something new about Shakespeare’s oeuvre.

Esearch method and processes.

Esearch method and processes. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCESSESCritical essay on:Transcultural nursing: How do nurses respond to cultural needs?By Aru Narayanasamy.IntroductionThis critical essay is based on a chosen research. There is critical appraisal of the topic listed above because it is considered to be a relevant discussion, which is applicable to the current field of practice. There are many ways of presenting this essay but it has to be a limited description because only a certain amount of words is to be used. Therefore, the main goal of this essay is to establish a clear description of two of the major issues that have been found more relevant than the general issues concerned.Those two issues are firstly, the method used to elaborate on such a topic as transcultural nursing and secondly, the run through process that the author used for this article. In order to give this piece of work a good structure, the guidelines provided will be used.Nurse PractitionerBackground of researchIn order to obtain a sati sfactory presentation, adequate research has been conducted in order to gather information for analysis. The author's background has been checked via a status search process and his qualifications and experience were thus checked and approved. The author has many previous articles (refer to bibliography) in relation to spiritual and cultural concerns. She has an exceptional background in the field of nursing. The publisher of the article was verified as well and it is clear that the latter, "The British journal of nursing", is very reputable to professionals and public.The content of the article is very relevant to the title chosen. The aim, which is to discuss transcultural issues in relation to health care provided, is set from the beginning. The purpose of the study is reflected as well and it is...

Quality Managment and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Quality Managment and Control - Essay Example How the company implemented quality management In fact, the company, at first, tried to analyze how its customers evaluate their products. To the utter surprise of the company, the customers were only partially satisfied. As illustrated in Champman and Hall (1991, p. 160), when the company probed further into the issue, it was found that there were problems regarding packaging, installation, labeling, and integration with other products; and these findings created a wave of shock in the company, and as a result, various strategies were developed in the plant. At first, the company set up a steering committee that consisted of all the senior management. As a part of it, a strategy was set up by the company that was to be implemented from below was started. This strategy clearly identified what each employee had to do to achieve the company goals. As a part of it, the company introduced ‘Just-in-time’, a strategy for quality management, was introduced in the year 1984 (ibi d). It started with providing education to all the employees. Once they found the program effective among the employees, it was spread to the IBM suppliers. As a part of it, senior managements of supplier chains were provided extensive classes. It was followed by supplier certification program which is based on BS5750 that covered everything ranging from process qualification, project management and statistical techniques (ibid). Following this, in 1985, the company introduced the techniques known as ‘process quality management’ and ‘departmental purpose analysis’ (DPA) (ibid). DPA aimed at finding and eliminating the non-value-added services conducted by a department. From the analysis, it became evident that some... This paper approves that the company views itself as a knowledge company and hence skills and knowledge are very vital for the company. So, the quality control of the company starts from the moment it decides to select employees. According to the company, a global supply chain with thousands of partners faces increased risks of waste, inefficiency, environment impact, and cost. So, it becomes necessary to continuously improve business performance and sustainability and this should reach the supply chains. The inability in this step can lead to higher use of energy, and other natural resources resulting in severe environmental damage. In addition, there will be problems like poor quality products and services, safety concerns, and poor labor practices. This will result in the detachment of stakeholders like customers, shareholders, partners and employees. IBM has developed extensive guidelines ensuring quality in its supplier operations. This essay makes a conclusion that in total, it becomes evident that the company introduced quality management and control measures as early as 1980s and the measures adopted by IBM were in no way inferior to the strategies of other companies. In fact, the company holds a proven record of effective quality management and control that ranges from senior management to sub-contractors. Furthermore, it is evident that adopting Six Sigma in their quality control will further sharpen their strategies and will make it flawless and more effective.

Nowruz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nowruz - Essay Example The Nowruz celebrations do not restrict members from inviting other people because it takes place across the world. For instance, the Iranians living in other distant places still observe the day and may feel free to invite their colleagues. This implies that those people who do not follow the Persian calendar can join their friends for the ceremony. The vital aspect of the Nowruz was the setting up on the table with decorative items for appreciating life and other components. The Haft Seen is a traditional norm that takes place in the New Year holiday of the Iranians (Flaskerud 209). It involves the setting up of the table with seven different items that contain separate meanings. It is apparent that each piece in Haft seen is a sign from Regeneration, productiveness, profusion and Wealth among others. For instance, the Sib (Apple) is a prevalent item in the Haft Seen tables and symbolizes beauty and good health of the people. The Iranians believe that the apples enabled them to see the day and it is a way of appreciating their beauty. The other item is Senjed, which is a sea-buckthorn that symbolizes wisdom, love and regenerate. The Serkeh is a vinegar that signifies the old-age and satisfaction. The Persians use vinegar to relieve stress from their daily endeavors and this formed the essential part of their Nowruz celebrations (Flaskerud 209). The Samanu is another item made from germinated wheat to signify affluence and bravery. It was mostly prepared by the older women in the ancient Islamic Persian Empire to appreciate the authority of the leaders. The Seer was symbolized by Garlic in the Haft Seen setting and was instrumental for medicinal values. It was considered a stimulation symbol that would encourage the Iranians to keep healthy and respect other people’s rights. The Somaq is a sumac fruit that was part of the set up to symbolize life and the new dawn of

Case study paper on - death penalty both pro and anti capital Essay

Case study paper on - death penalty both pro and anti capital punishment - Essay Example On the other hand, the article written by Hugo Bedau argues that death penalty is a lawful killing, and since it is a form of killing the law should rise above it and condemn it. He says that death penalty is an immoral act in an indecent form of action by the law, and the fact is that it is a dignified form of killing executed and polished by the law. I feel that both the articles make a very valid point, and it is upto the people and the law to decide what is right and wrong. However, keeping everything in mind, death penalty should be slowly taken away from the law and society as we move towards a more liberal and morally committed world. The first article is written in an extremist/radical style, while the other one is written in a liberal/radical style. Both the articles maintain a valid point of law, however, it is pertinent to note that death penalty should be tried to be done away with slowly, and not immediately. IN this context both the articles explain an important perspec tive, the perspective of doing away with death penalty but with slow time. Death penalty is not morally wrong. I am sure ernest van den hag would have reacted hard on this thought. Just as imprisonment is not considered morally wrong as a lawful kidnapping, or fine is not considered to be morally wrong as a lawful robbery, I don’t think that people should consider death penalty as morally wrong as a lawful murder. It is an example, which is set to the people and has been a very successful form of deterrence over the last many centuries. In many ways death penalty has acted as deterrence better than imprisonment, but as the society moves forwards, we need to realize that this form of punishment will not yield the same results again. Death Penalty as a form of deterrence will slowly fade away, as life imprisonment takes over. In answer to the second last question, both the arguments make sense either ways. However, lets try to move forwards and be more pragmatic. It is true tha t there is no going back once the death penalty has been executed. And therefore the point is that to be careful while executing the death penalty. This is because there are many criminals even today who deserve this penalty. One cannot do away with this form of punishment mainly because there exists an apprehension that innocent will get killed. What about the fact that there is being a miscarriage of justice? Even that is an apprehension, and therefore we need to sideline both the apprehensions and think from a logical and practical perspective. And that perspective teaches us that the execution of death penalty should be allowed, albeit with caution. The final question consists of Bedau contemplating that it is immoral and indecent to award death penalty in response to crimes such as rape and kidnapping. Crimes such as rape and kidnapping in them mind of Bedau is not that extreme or indecent to attract the award of death penalty. It is pertinent to understand that death penalty s hould only be awarded for the ‘rarest of the rarest’ crimes, and not for some petty crimes like kidnapping. Agreed, rape is a very severe crime which attracts a very severe punishment, but killing the rapist for such an act would be encroaching upon the boundaries of morality and responsibility. The correct punishment for rape would be to award life imprisonment, which is still la very harsh punishment, as deserved by the rapist, but not on the extreme

Hemp economic impact and legalization Research Paper

Hemp economic impact and legalization - Research Paper Example Hemp is a relatively important crop and basing on its different uses it could replace a larger variety of environmental unfriendly crops to enhance economical productions. The forces behind the keeping of hemp illegalization are rather political not environmental in nature. The ability of this product and the byproducts of it are rather scary to many industries especially the petrochemical, liquor and tobacco industries. The fact is that the legalization of hemp would put money in the hands of the farmers and hence totally restructuring our national economy. An article published in 1937 titled â€Å"Hemp: The New Bilion-Dolar crop† named over twenty five thousand possible uses of the hemp plant. This is because it is; a type of Marijuana which cannot get one high could be the reason as to why its popularity still lags behind. Many efforts by different scholars and business people to prove the viability of the product to the economies of the world have been enhanced through var ious ideas. However, there exists some controls over the whole idea since it is described under drugs whose consumption needs control. Despite the fact that this product remained illegal did not deter it from becoming one of the most affecting in the economy of the States in a positive way. This remained so until its legalization through an announcement made by the U.S. Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. This came in form of a memorandum that specified that the federal government would not consider it a priority any longer to prosecute the users or traders of the product that broke federal law but complied with State laws concerning this product (Kayla 6). That was so and publicized on the October 19, 2009. This came, as a relief to the people that put the product to different uses inclusive is those that use it for medical purposes. This did not go well with everybody. Some people looked at it as a wrong shot to the U.S. since it was encouraging the breech of Federal laws especial ly those affecting the drug. This simply relates that hemp is a legal item on one hand and yet still illegal on the other. Its legalization has had both positive effects and negative effects to the economy based on the consumption and need that drives one to it. Recent developments show the highly developing and revolving relationship between hemp and humanity. This movement has seen the development of the modern industrial hemp industry that depicts by the presence of hemp clothing, paper, seed-oil products and building materials (Rowan, 2). These developments have had a positive impact to the economies of the world generally specifically in Santa Barbra. The industries surrounding the development of these products that evolve form hemp have had a positive impact on the economies since their development and hence developing trade in the regions from which they hail. A healthy hemp rally circuit gave entrepreneurs in this product the impetus to go deep in investing in this product. This backed by their literature distribution and wears that accompanied the rallies to ensure that they spread the word about their product all over (Rowan, 4).this further bolstered by the formation of the hemp council started in the Los Angeles in 1991. In 1992, a vast number of companies were already in place and hence the success of the plant. The success, quality and economic advantages of the product

Apple Store Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apple Store - Research Paper Example The Pasadena Apple store has a variety of products and services. The store has a variety of products and services that meets all age groups and both male and female customers. The store deals in hardware products like iPod touch, iPhone, Apple Cinema Displays, Apple TV, Mac Pro, Mac Mini and Airport Cards (Carlton 165). They have a variety of Apple accessories like mice and wireless keyboards. They have up to date online services termed as Apple Store online. Customers can configure their phones for fast and efficient services. The store has products like computers, which has faster and larger hard drives than any other computer store. The store has simplified inventory that provide instant availability of information on the products and services (Jeffreys 254). The store provides its customers with Apple software that include IWork and ILife applications bundles, Mac OS X, Shake, DVD Pro Studio and miscellaneous software titles. The store has games, quality printers, memory upgrade software, scanners and digital cameras. The store has up to date brands like Mac OS X and Mac Book. Apple Inc has designed this store to suit customer’s needs (Jeffreys 252). The store provides Mac Book brands that meet the customers’ requirements. The store is in line with the California’s regulatory authority. The store has product licenses that are verified by the local authority and the Apple Inc to provide efficient services to their customers (Terry 4B). The retail shop has evolved from just being a computer company to a true consumer brand. The company initially had Mac Book computer line, however, after the expansion; the retail shop added the Iphone and IPod (Lewis 121). This has made the retail shop be ranked one of the best in California. The overall interest of the quantity and product assortment of the retail has improved over the years. The retail shop is producing a variety of products meeting their

Chinese literature Unit 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinese literature Unit 3 - Essay Example u’s â€Å"Praying For Rain,†1 from the Chou period, and the poem â€Å"Sitting and Forgetting,†2 from the Nine Songs, from the latter Chu period, and examine how each portray and think about ritual. The first shows a more straightforward approach to ritual—as in a kind of rain dance which is a means to an end. The second show ritual and its relation to nature as being potentially personally transformative. In â€Å"Praying for Rain† the poet describes the rituals or etiquette that surrounds rainfall, the harvest, and agriculture. Back then there was no agricultural science. Most farmers believed that a good harvest came because the gods were happy. The harvest was hugely important for everyone because the population relied on it for nourishments. It therefore made sense that rituals and prayers that poets and priests believed would help the harvest would be of huge importance and would frequently be refined and added to in order to ensure the best possible harvest. Poetry and ritual at the time were in some sense a matter of life and death. Ku Liang Shu describes the correct time to pray for rain to improve the crops.3 He says that petitioners must wait until the last minute, until it becomes clear that the rain is absolutely necessary, before engaging in the ritual prayer. By praying, man is â€Å"asking for a favour† the poet rights. These things must not be taken ligh tly. The power the gods have over people is one of life and death. There is an additional social aspect to this view of rituals: favours are important things and should be frivolously asked for. Ask only for what you need. We see in this work that rituals are taken very seriously and are mostly a way of communing with the gods, rather than with people (although there can be social implications to these rituals). The â€Å"Sitting and Forgetting,† one of the Nine Song, focuses much more on an abstraction of the ritual and its power to transform the world or the poet’s perspective of the world.

Hemp economic impact and legalization Research Paper

Hemp economic impact and legalization - Research Paper Example Hemp is a relatively important crop and basing on its different uses it could replace a larger variety of environmental unfriendly crops to enhance economical productions. The forces behind the keeping of hemp illegalization are rather political not environmental in nature. The ability of this product and the byproducts of it are rather scary to many industries especially the petrochemical, liquor and tobacco industries. The fact is that the legalization of hemp would put money in the hands of the farmers and hence totally restructuring our national economy. An article published in 1937 titled â€Å"Hemp: The New Bilion-Dolar crop† named over twenty five thousand possible uses of the hemp plant. This is because it is; a type of Marijuana which cannot get one high could be the reason as to why its popularity still lags behind. Many efforts by different scholars and business people to prove the viability of the product to the economies of the world have been enhanced through var ious ideas. However, there exists some controls over the whole idea since it is described under drugs whose consumption needs control. Despite the fact that this product remained illegal did not deter it from becoming one of the most affecting in the economy of the States in a positive way. This remained so until its legalization through an announcement made by the U.S. Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. This came in form of a memorandum that specified that the federal government would not consider it a priority any longer to prosecute the users or traders of the product that broke federal law but complied with State laws concerning this product (Kayla 6). That was so and publicized on the October 19, 2009. This came, as a relief to the people that put the product to different uses inclusive is those that use it for medical purposes. This did not go well with everybody. Some people looked at it as a wrong shot to the U.S. since it was encouraging the breech of Federal laws especial ly those affecting the drug. This simply relates that hemp is a legal item on one hand and yet still illegal on the other. Its legalization has had both positive effects and negative effects to the economy based on the consumption and need that drives one to it. Recent developments show the highly developing and revolving relationship between hemp and humanity. This movement has seen the development of the modern industrial hemp industry that depicts by the presence of hemp clothing, paper, seed-oil products and building materials (Rowan, 2). These developments have had a positive impact to the economies of the world generally specifically in Santa Barbra. The industries surrounding the development of these products that evolve form hemp have had a positive impact on the economies since their development and hence developing trade in the regions from which they hail. A healthy hemp rally circuit gave entrepreneurs in this product the impetus to go deep in investing in this product. This backed by their literature distribution and wears that accompanied the rallies to ensure that they spread the word about their product all over (Rowan, 4).this further bolstered by the formation of the hemp council started in the Los Angeles in 1991. In 1992, a vast number of companies were already in place and hence the success of the plant. The success, quality and economic advantages of the product

Chinese literature Unit 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinese literature Unit 3 - Essay Example u’s â€Å"Praying For Rain,†1 from the Chou period, and the poem â€Å"Sitting and Forgetting,†2 from the Nine Songs, from the latter Chu period, and examine how each portray and think about ritual. The first shows a more straightforward approach to ritual—as in a kind of rain dance which is a means to an end. The second show ritual and its relation to nature as being potentially personally transformative. In â€Å"Praying for Rain† the poet describes the rituals or etiquette that surrounds rainfall, the harvest, and agriculture. Back then there was no agricultural science. Most farmers believed that a good harvest came because the gods were happy. The harvest was hugely important for everyone because the population relied on it for nourishments. It therefore made sense that rituals and prayers that poets and priests believed would help the harvest would be of huge importance and would frequently be refined and added to in order to ensure the best possible harvest. Poetry and ritual at the time were in some sense a matter of life and death. Ku Liang Shu describes the correct time to pray for rain to improve the crops.3 He says that petitioners must wait until the last minute, until it becomes clear that the rain is absolutely necessary, before engaging in the ritual prayer. By praying, man is â€Å"asking for a favour† the poet rights. These things must not be taken ligh tly. The power the gods have over people is one of life and death. There is an additional social aspect to this view of rituals: favours are important things and should be frivolously asked for. Ask only for what you need. We see in this work that rituals are taken very seriously and are mostly a way of communing with the gods, rather than with people (although there can be social implications to these rituals). The â€Å"Sitting and Forgetting,† one of the Nine Song, focuses much more on an abstraction of the ritual and its power to transform the world or the poet’s perspective of the world.

Achievement Motivation Essay Example for Free

Achievement Motivation Essay The cognitive theories stress that need for cognitive stimulus as a way of motivating the learners to acquire new knowledge (Weiner, 1990). Thus whenever learners are faced with new tasks or challenges, they seek a solution based on their past knowledge and skills. This view corroborated Jean Piaget’s past works on how institutions adapt and plan to execute tasks. Piaget, in his various studies held that people confronted with a gap between fresh knowledge and existing knowledge of belief experience a psychological disequilibrium, which prompts them to solve so that they are back to a state of equilibrium (Weiner, 1990).   Another psychologist, Jerome Brunner, supported Piaget’s cognitive theory and suggests that learners should be prompt if identifying such knowledge gaps so that they are closed. However, studies show that the cognitive theory by Piaget is complex in implementations because learners experience different disequilibrium every time and synchrony to fill the gaps is a great challenge (Weiner, 1990). Behavioural Theories The behavioural theories were first studied by B.F. Skinner. This theory stresses the reinforcement of specific behaviour in order for extrinsic rewards achievement. The behavioural theories aid the learning process and understanding of why learners respond positively to some subject in class. This theory therefore offers the first explanation to the subject specialization trends such as languages and mathematics. However, social theorist like Bandura differ with B.F. Skinner and stressed the effects of learners need to be identified with specific subjects such as languages and mathematics. This led to the learners copying other people who have achieved past successes in the same field (Weiner, 1990). Later studies revealed that too much extrinsic motivation such as rewards is counter productive at a later stage and become a barrier to knowledge acquisition. This trend leads to over reliance on the tutor and fails to achieve the positive nature of intrinsic motivations. Therefore, tutors should apply extrinsic rewards only when appropriate as a strategy of maximizing its effects on the learner (Weiner, 1990). The humanistic Theories Abraham Maslow is regarded as the father of humanistic theories of achievement motivation. Maslow posited that people’s needs follows natural needs as ranked in a hierarchical order or importance (Weiner, 1990).   Maslow outlined a five-stage pyramid level of needs from the bottom to the apex as follows: physiological needs; safety needs; need to belong; self-esteem; and self-actualization needs. The apex of the pyramid has the self-actualizations and defines the person’s needs to operate under their full capability and capacity. This need is followed by the esteem needs that define the people’s self-projections and need to be recognized. The next level of needs is the belonging. This applies to the people wanting to be associated by peers. The next level of needs is the safety of individuals derived from the environment security. The bottom of the pyramid has the physiological needs, defined by access to food, shelter and drinks among others (Weiner, 1990). Maslow’s needs hierarchy are important for identification of cognitive needs that outline when individuals are satisfied from the basic levels. Maslow’s needs hierarchy will only be effective when people are free to probe the environment, acquire knowledge, show equitable resource distributions, are transparent and maintain order (Weiner, 1990). The problem with Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is the inability of the tutor to determine the exiting level of the learners’ satisfaction. Similarly, if the tutor is aware, they may not provide the need to the learners. Either way, the tutors have the role of modifying the learning environment to suit the surrounding learners’ needs (Weiner, 1990). Achievement motivation theory John W. Atkinson and David McClelland advanced this theory. This theory holds that people seek to achieve the highest state of aspirations. Therefore, people success aspirations are defined with failure avoidance in mind. These needs are achieved whenever an individual is successful. Thus, successful learners will claim a needs achievement depending on the subject specialization and gender as highlighted in sections of this paper. On this gender issues some studies have shown that females in patriarchal societies avoid success to protect their relationships (Weiner, 1990).   Weiner (1990) did further studies in the area odd achievement motivation. These findings considered factors of learners’ failure to achieve success whereby those who fail blame inability and bad luck. Those who succeed justify low efforts by those who failed and cite ability to succeed. The problem with the achievement theory is ability to measure and evaluate the evaluate the heights of aspirations, specify needs, identify failure as well as varying achievement behaviour (Weiner, 1990). Various works on achievement motivation theories were completed and peer reviewed over the years and most of the findings fall under learning theories and cognition theories as applied under the learners’ context (Dovona-Ope, 2008, p. 25). An adult’s achievement motivation draws its success from historical childhood period where aspirations and self-actualization are set. Therefore, when people grow up in life, they are directed by goals of achievement, which clarify purpose and objectives of achieving academic targets and others (Anderman, et al, 2004, p. 1-26). Further student achievement motivation in any academic program is to accomplish their meet the academic tasks criteria as a contemporary theory. Thus, various academic goals will be outlined to the students’ specific behaviour, intellectual capabilities and level of engagement (Ames, 1992). Student who show high level of self efficacy in special areas of learning are likely to achieve more because of the support they get from their peers, guardians, intellectual maturity and emotional preparedness (Dovona-Ope, 2008, p. 25). Contemporary perspectives on achievement motivation and how they are utilized today According to Dovona-Ope, (2008, p. 26), there are at least four contemporary factors that need to be considered when one is seeking to understand achievement motivations in a scholarly area like PhD. First, one needs to avoid the deceptions that these goals are achievable with an individualistic attitude. In the contract, collectivism with other students pursing similar goals is very important as process mistakes will be corrected effectively. This contemporary theory relies on experience that collective academic pursuit makes problem solving process and goals achievement easier (Dovona-Ope, 2008, p.26). Second, achievement motivation theories should steer of attitudes and belief that people will not succeed. This kind of complacency creates a barrier to achievements in academic process. (Dovona-Ope, 2008, p. 26). It is recommended that pursuant of the goals stick to their original plans and direction despite the many challenges abound. This process is achievable from intrinsic motivations where the goal setter listens to their inner voice that the successful completion of their career will lead to satisfaction (Wolters, 2004, p. 236-250). The earlier mentioned collective association in scholarly tasks would mitigate the fear of lack of achievement of academic goals. Studies show that collective association can overcome difficult academic times because the other member will advance positive ideas (Dovona-Ope, 2008, p. 26). Kahlefeldt (2004) agrees with this position and goes ahead to note that people become what they believe whether in success or failure. The third contemporary theory of achievement motivation is persistence (Dovona-Ope, 2008, p. 26). Persistence is one way to secure achievements learning needs because the goal pursuant focuses irrespective of the inner void to give in.   This has implications that people must believe in their capabilities, fortified by self-efficacy in PHD course as an example. Persistence also implies that the learners are able to cope with any diversionary factors along the way (Dovona-Ope, 2008, p. 28). The fourth contemporary theory on achievement motivation is premature declaration of total achievement and success. This state leads to lack of attention to details and barriers to important feedback on the process (Dovona-Ope, 2008, p. 29). Contemporary learning theories suggest that scholars should pay attention to feedback loops and mechanisms because they stand to learn more from their mistakes than from their successes. Schloss, (2001, p.8) supports this view and highlights the importance of some mistakes in a learning process in order to reinforce the achievements when issues are clarified. Other contemporary theories of achievement motivation are been built on place based education environment (Duffin, 2005). This theory suggests that people are motivated to achieve knowledge based on the natural environment and cultural perceptions. Therefore, collective culture will achieve more if the learners are in teams or groups when learning tasks are set. Similarly, the learning tasks will be achieved more when the tasks are learner centred than tutor centred (Athman Monroe, 2004, p. 9-25). In a study to determine the impact of place based education of on achievement motivation in the US, ten different reviews were carried out in more than 16 states with a framework of 265 academic institutions. This study was done over 7 year’s period from 1998. The results showed that this program caused change in the learning institutions culture, improved learners’ engagement and aroused curiosity, increased the learning achievements and prepared new grounds for future teacher practices (Duffin, 2005). Further studies showed that the learners who were exposed to more environmental stimulus achieved more that their counterparts. This particular finding stressed that the school going motivation process alone had over 10% influences in the learners’ achievements. Among the historical theorist in achievement motivation was Atkinson in 1964, who carried out a study to compare learners with high achievement motivation and phobia for failure vis-à  -vis learners with high achievement motivation and less failure phobia. This study established four dimensions, the success driven learners, the achievers, the failure phobic, failure embraces. Further studies by Covington Omelich (1991), established that Atkinson’s theory were appropriate and went further to state that females tend to conform to high achievement motivation levels and failure avoidance as compared to males especially in language and mathematics. Studies also show that males tend to achieve more motivation than female counterparts in mathematics do than in languages as a masculine cultural orientation vis-à  -vis a feminine culture orientation. Contemporary theories are applied today in various more ways. According to McGonagall, (2007, p. 1-5), contemporary theories are used to tackle the learners challenges to the tutor following their life long experiences in the academic processes. Thus, a tutor may ask learners to interpret a given scenario rather that getting cues from the tutor especially in humanities. In the area of social sciences, contemporary theories are used to unfreeze the elements of common sense amongst the learners. These two elaborations have implications that contemporary theories are used today for awareness of past assumptions that put barriers to the learning process. Therefore, the tutor or trainer assumes a new responsibility of initiating learning change process so that the learners are the centre and key actors (McGonagall, 2007, p. 1). Other areas where contemporary theories are applied are in transformation learning process. In this case, the learners who are now at the centre of the process become assimilated to the achievement motivations. Once learners have successfully been assimilated, there will be lesser resistance to new ideas and minimize knowledge conflicts. Contemporary theories eliminate learning content disorientation then further enhance achievement motivation. This strategy enables learners to identify new knowledge when they face tasks (McGonagall, 2007, p. 2). Contemporary transformation theories are used today to stimulate learners’ self-reflection and efficacy. This is a very critical step because it enables the learners to form peer groups for ideas exchange as they open themselves to criticism. Thereafter the tutor or trainer will be able to comprehend the learners’ knowledge background and the best approaches to measure and evaluate them (McGonagall, 2007, p. 2). The tutors and trainers to are using contemporary theories today to activate the learners’ limitations to a new knowledge beginning by learners’ surveys. The outcomes of such surveys are important for critical reflection of the learners. Later, tutors and trainers can use these outcomes to stimulate critical discourse where learners argue their points of view at peer level (McGonagall, 2007, p. 3). Contemporary transformation theories are used today to balance between learners workload so that they neither resist nor loose hope of their achievement motivations. New ideas management that fosters transparency of goals (McGonagall, 2007, p. 4) achieves this process. Evaluation of Memory Cognitive processes In a study by Koriat, et al. (2004, p. 643-656), memory is an important aspect of cognition because as applied in judgement in a learning process. Memory is the ability to cue knowledge and experience to respond to a stimulus influence (Koriat Bjork , 2005, p. 187-194). Therefore memory during learning is a predictor of competence of illustration of a given content or perspective. Differences in memory especially during an examination process arise due to delays, cue models, illusions or judgement perspectives. All these factors affect achievement motivation of the learners as they show how accurate they will be able to retain impacted knowledge in any learning environment (Koriat, et al. 2004, p. 643-656). Memory subject has various sub processes applicable in achievement motivation: Sensory Memory sub process According to a study by Bigand, et al, (2003, p. 159-171), the sensory memory aids in brief retention of the raw information stimuli as the person decided whether to act or store the message. Sensory memory is often very short and is perceived from the five senses of the body. When sensory memory stimulus is well structured, they can aid the cognitive memory process by enhancing retention of knowledge and skills. Sensory memory articulation is by visuals such as pictures and practical tasks (Yousoof, Sapiyan Kamaluddin, 2006, p. 259-260) In practice, sensory memory prioritizes knowledge during a learning process, hence contribute to achievement motivation. Studies show that sensory memory act without synaptic stimulus because of short feedback system. Tutors normally use sensory memory to model tools and loops for reinforcing the learners’ theoretical concepts. In real practice, sensory memory has a metaphorical symbol in learning to bridge the gap between abstract and real factors or knowledge achievement motivation (Yousoof, Sapiyan Kamaluddin, 2006, p. 259-260).   Working memory sub process Following a research by Juff (2004, p. 199-226), working memory is useful in aptitude tests to show how people connect phonological loops, grammar and lexis especially when one is learning a second language. Working memory also defines how one uses vocabulary when speaking, writing, behaving, frequency of use of words, styles of grammar and the word connections (Juff, 2004, p. 199-226). In terms of Achievement motivation, working memory applies in proficiency tests, reading tests, vocabulary breadth and in sentence constructions. Further, working memory is useful in aptitude tests and examination of language proficiency attainment (Juff, 2005, p. 121-151). In real practice, working memory also show how fast one is able to communicate in a given language or subject of specialization, that is, ability to distinguish one subject from the other by achievement motivation (Juff, 2004, p. 199-226). Long-term memory sub process According to a study by Wan (2007), long-term memory is the ability to retrieve information store after a long period of from a conservational and operational point of view. Long-term memory depends on the information classification therefore this is a predictor of how the information will be presented on stimulus (Wan, 2007). If information is old, it will not be retained and this explains how learners loose information in the longer learning period. Studies carried out to analyse long-term memory relation to cognitive process showed that the period of follow up after knowledge was impacted is very important for longer-term retention. Additionally long-term memory improves with regular rehearsal (Nuthall, 2000). In real practice, this has implications that academic contents need regular tests in order to improve the memory by the learners and their achievement motivation. Recognition sub process A study to establish existing differences in recognition (Ray Reingold, 2003, p. 131-137) showed that mismatches starts at the information coding stage and later at the encoding stage. Further, knowledge recognition depended on the sequence of internalization and speed of the process. Therefore, learners with better recognition simply reflected those who could quickly match the stimulus with the internalized knowledge codes. This study also showed that a delay in probing the store knowledge might case a lapse in recognition of certain information. In real practice, the recognition factor has implications that learning tasks need regular performance and practice other than the normal theory process of achievement motivation (Ray Reingold, 2003, p. 131-137). Recall sub process A study by Cowan et al. (2005, p. 67-73), to establish how immediate recall is affected by speed of the brain process, showed that speed was not a major issue on the accuracy of the knowledge recall. This study confirmed that knowledge presentation speed affected recall, as is the case when practical learning experiments are executed under times sessions rather than under leisure sessions. Additional factors that affected recall are the speed and frequency of rehearsal. As far as the recall is either verbal or writer form, recitation is attributed to higher recalls in verbal presentations (Cowan et al., 2005, p. 67-73). Further, this study concluded that capacity of knowledge, other than speed might also impact on the recall process, so that dense scope of information may take longer to recall. This study was very cautious on the speed variable because a set of manipulations gave different outcomes as far as recall is concerned. Finally, this study established that recall of difficult tasks may sometimes be easier that for easy tasks because the learner keep putting a lot of effort in trying to memorize and recall the knowledge. Therefore, it is common to see such a learner experience tip of the tongue phenomenon when trying to recall a simpler task (Cowan et al., 2005, p. 67-73). Recall process has achievement motivation implications that lexical learning process will be either slow or fast depending of the modes of tests as either rehearsed or random. Similarly, this study as implications that speed of learning can moderately affect recall, therefore learning process and curriculum development should bear capacity and duration in mind (Cowan et al., 2005, p. 67-73). In real practice, the variance in recall accuracy has implications that learners should be taught in phases when tasks are complex rather than in bloc strategies so that above average recall is achievement and motivated. Elaboration sub process According to a study by Reigeluth (1992, p. 80-86), on the elaboration theory, showed that learning contents need to be arranged in a hierarchical order of complexity to increased retention effects. The elaboration theory insinuates that simpler tasks should precede complex tasks in a learning process in order for the learners’ achievement motivation to stay alive. This elaboration theory has implications that the learners should always be reminded of previous lessons so that they can build on the next level of knowledge. This strategy will enable the learner to gain meaning of the following knowledge and skills internalization (English Reigeluth, 1996, p. 23-42). The elaboration process calls for various factors in order to be successful in a learning process; clarity of sequence; set induction sequence; conclusions; synthesis; ideas; recall strategies; and finally, the learners management (Reigeluth, 1992, p. 80-86). The elaboration theory is relevant in the way the tutor will present the current lesson as a continuation from the previous lesson. The elaboration theory also needs specific objectives, ideas and concepts to be broken down step by step so that the learner can optimize recall of the skills and knowledge (English Reigeluth, 1996, p. 23-42). The elaboration theory is relevant in today’s learning process because the tutor that has identified the fast and slow learners can put in extra efforts to improve the performance of the slow learners. In real practice, the elaboration theory also emphasizes that practical lessons should be included in the lesson planning to reinforce the theoretical learning process and achievement motivation. This can be achieved practically by workshops, laboratory and field visits (Reigeluth, 1992, p. 80-86). Rehearsal sub process According to a study by Dosher and Ma (1998, p. 316-335), longer words tend to slow in recall as compared to shorter words. Therefore, words like she; to; buy; put; me; are easier to recall than words like tomorrow; exaggerated; purchase; masquerade; e.t.c. The purpose of rehearsal is to improve the recall rate of such words in order for the length to shorten from a psychological point of view (Parlie, Singh, Vasudevan, 2006, p. 80 88). Rehearsal will suppress the phonological lengths and ease the articulation of the longer words just like the case of the shorter words. Once this is achieved, the learner will be able to give a continuous speech with accurate pronunciations (Dosher and Ma (1998, p. 316-335). In real practice, the relevance of the rehearsal process is in the patients with speech problems especially those who incapacitated muscular control of language. Rehearsal will improve the overall speech gaps and controls. Rehearsal can act as maintenance of phonological control process in achievement motivation (Baddeley, 2000, p. 544-549). Sub process Applications As learners transform from one level of academic achievement to the next, say from masters to PhD, they recognize the criticism that required them to achieve higher that the previous levels (Shin, Daly Vera, 2007). This pressure may cause some degree of depression, self-esteem complexes, overload and feeling of quitting. This has implications that achievement motivation and the career level engagements are inseparable from memory sub process. Some factors like ethnicity of the learner, verses tutor or supervisor, degree of peer support (Hanushek, et al 2003, p. 527- 544), and the learning norms can also impact of the memory achievement motivation (Shin, Daly Vera, 2007, p. 379- 388). A critical literature review established a research pattern that focuses on memory achievement motivation over the last two decades. Studies in the area of memory attribution or motivation theories have led to 4 categories of findings. First, Tutors should avoid aiding learners using elaborations unnecessarily when the tasks are simple because slow and low achieving learners regard this as a hint due to their low capabilities and learning efficacy (Graham Baker, 1990, p. 7-14); (Schunk, 1990). Second, learners’ earlier sign of efficacy for achievements via strategies like rehearsals should propel them to high performance so that they take charge of their individual lives (Schunk, 1990). Third, learners that regulate their learning achievements are in line with their self-efficacy and reality of personal capabilities to achieve high outcome in the learning environment and have recognition that the process is worth its course (Schunk, 1990). This is true because the learners’ metacognitive plans, evaluation and realignments show their ability to control the input in the learning tasks (Graham Baker, 1990, p. 7-14). Fourth, learners’ initial academic exposure such as master degree will play a key part in the next level academic achievement such as PhD because they have better recall of   previous knowledge and skills (Graham Baker, 1990, p. 7-14); (Schunk, 1990). Studies in the area of memory achievement have also lead to 4 main categories of findings. First, learners are motivated when they believe that tutors are concerned about their outcomes as far as long-term memory is concerned (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990). Thus tutors that care show interactions with the learners and this bridges the gaps between their learning expectations and the knowledge status (Wenzel, 1997). Similarly, tutors that show concern for the learners’ progress complete the feedback loop in a positive manner (Ryan Pintrich, 1997). Second, learners will rarely seek assistance when they know that their memory self-efficacy will be in question; when their cognitive prowess is down; and when they see very little gains from the help process. In the contrary, proactive learners who seek to boost their working memory will seek tutors guidance appropriately (Ryan Pintrich, 1997). Third, highly motivated learners that are utilizing the learning opportunities effectively are likely to be high sensory memory achievers (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990 p. 41-49). Various learning strategies will yield varied outcomes based on the learners’ perception of the age of the learning tools and materials. This has implications that tutors should stress on domains of new learning tools every time they make new changes from the weaknesses of the previous memory learning tools (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990 p. 41-49). Fourth, learners are motivated to cheat when their learning institution stresses on performance and rote memory skills; when they perceive that cheating is okay; when the tutors stress extrinsic outcomes with poor elaboration; when the learners are stressed up on their academic tasks and cannot recall knowledge (Anderman et al, 1998). The various psychologist and theorists base these critical views on actual observations.   Thus, learners that are perpetually cheating in exams take motivation from high administration demands for success and achievement especially in mathematics and languages (Anderman et al, 1998). Other learners who transfer to new institutions and were not held more accountable for achievements in the previous institution, hence cheating may be rampant. Learners not held responsible tend to relax the long-term memory achievement priorities and failure may not be an option. Learners that have high self-efficacy will tend to regulate their study times so that they have a tenable strategy for achievement and technique for success (Anderman et al, 1998). Finally, learner with high self-efficacy will shun tutor help as which contradicts the earlier observation that those with low efficacy and achievement also shun help. Therefore, this critical analysis will be useful in training tutors to manage a diverse learning environment and people (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990 p. 41-49). Various cognitive sub processes can also impact on memory achievement motivation. The expectancy theory by Atkinson was tested for achievement motivation trajectories especially in mathematics and languages across the gender divide. The tests showed that language acquisition and skills motivations were insignificant and depended on the achievement motivation. However, females tend to acquire more achievement motivation in languages than males from 10 years onwards (Penner, 2003, p. 650-655). Characteristics of cognition and learning and application context within learners’ specialization in summarizing the relationship between training and education in the context of cognition. There are driving factors that summarize the relationship between training and education in the context of cognition. Learners need to understand the contents and goals so that they can add value to their lives. This has implications that the training or tutorial process must be well defined for maximum achievement motivation. Learners need to take active role in the training or tutorial process so that they acquire the latest knowledge and skills. This has implications that the learners must be responsible in the whole process of achievement motivation (Shunk, 1990). Learners need to experience the ultimate success after each training or tutorial. This has implications that the training or tutorial process must be realistic and the feedback loop must be shortened and effective. Learners need to receive rewards for every level of achievement whether intrinsic or extrinsic. This has implications that the learning process must be safe and prepared for this achievement motivation reward delivery. Learners need to ample time to rehearse, recall, elaborate, recognize and work through the course contents. This has implications that the training or tutorial contents must be relevant and objective for the learners future career and achievement motivation. Finally, learners need to evaluate their working memory by themselves regularly. This has implications that peer and social cognitive characteristics need stimulation earlier in the course contents to facilitate self-evaluations for achievement motivation process (Shunk, 1990). There are various characteristics of cognition and learning that can be applied within the learners’ context and area of specialization to sum up the training needs and the academic context of cognition. These include the learner self control under achievement motivation; the flexibility during the learning process; internalizations of the learning contents; persistence of the leaner ; acceptability to accomplish complex tasks; phobia of learning; success inclinations and tendencies; learning independence; willingness to learn; ability to set achievable goals; orientation to the academic level; learners competitiveness and aggression; learners mastery, dominance or area or specialization; learning content flow; learners ability to compensate for content gaps; and learners pride in content achievement motivation ( Byrne, et al, 2004, p. 203-217). When it comes to these attributes ability to be mapped to predict the training needs and education for cognition, there are no major studies that have been accomplished. What is certain is that many countries are using these factors of personalities   apply these characteristics in simulations so that they can be used in interviewing workers for respective jobs as a predictor of their success at jobs (Fleenor, McCauley Brutus, 1996, p. 486 -506). The relationship between training and education in cognition should be developed from the job area that the current learner has in mind; outline the achievement goals in the training area; specify the degree of achievement proficiency; ability to internalizes the contents of the training so that the overall job performance is boosted. Since the learners are majors in the subjects, the tutor need to adopt their learning style so that the locus of control can be directed to enable the learners take responsibility in the training process to maximize achievement motivation. This approach will also ensure that the learners exploit any available opportunities to enable them make the best decisions. This process will best be accomplished by the learners self evaluation within the study context irrespective of their individual characteristics.   There are additional characteristics of cognition and learning applications that must be applied to the learners’ area of specialization for optimum achievement motivation. First, cognition and learning need an enabling environment so that the learners are free to interact and internalized the contents (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990, p. 41-49). Second, cognition and learning applications should evaluate the learners existing knowledge ahead of outlining new knowledge to be impacted (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990, p. 41-49). Third, cognition and learning applications need to be realistic and sensibly tied to the objectives with clarity on the performance benchmarks (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990, p. 41-49). Fourth, cognition and learning applications should devote appropriate timeframe so that the skills are internalized (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990, p. 41-49).   Fifth, cognition and learning applications should stress content validity so that the learners can make good use of their time (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990, p. 41-49). Sixth, cognition and learning applications should specify the tasks in a priority manner so that learners can optimize the knowledge and skills in order or priority (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990, p. 41-49). Seventh, cognition and learning applications should delegate tasks based on the complexity and learners capabilities. Finally, cognition and learning applications should seek constant feedback by measurement and evaluation (Pokay Blumenfeld, 1990, p. 41-49). Conclusion: Social and personal influences on cognition and how these influences the learner’s specialization This paper has evaluated the role of achievement motivation on cognition and learning along the various characteristics of the learners’ contexts. There are variances in the achievement motivations based on the learners’ specialization such as mathematics or languages. This study did not find a specific pattern to suggest that achievement motivation is gender biases passà ©, but show that gender characteristics have some level of influence on achievement motivation process and outcome. As a social factor, this study established that achievement motivation can be effected through peer learners association, tutors tools and styles of engaging the students and quality time spent between the tutor and the learner. As a personal factor, this study also established that achievement motivation can be effected today by the study based settings or environment in addition to the individual learners efforts. This study highlighted cognitive, behavioral, humanistic and achievement motivational theories as the main historical foundations for achievement motivation (Weiner, 1990). Further individual motivational characteristics were found to predict the learners’ achievement motivation today. Specifically factors that are closer to the learners such as the classroom environment, learning tools, styles and tutors will vary the achievement motivation. These social and personal influences can be applied in a linear style to influence the learners’ specialization (Singer Willet, 2003). From a gender perspective this study shows that the achievement motivation progress of males can be more predictable than of females in the language instructions today. This has implications that males who specialize in languages may need more contact hours with the tutor than their female counterparts.   As a summary of social and personal influence on cognition and achievement motivation, this study established that various learner memory characteristics such as rehearsal, elaboration, recall, recognition, long-term memory, working memory and sensory memory among other factors, contribute separately or in tandem to overall achievement motivation today. Therefore, for an achievement motivations impact on the social and personal influence on cognition to be realized, this study is of the opinion that controlling achievement motivation using contemporary theories should be prioritized and validated with learning and cognitive theories. In order to influence the learners specialization positively today, the learner must develop self efficacy and minimize hopelessness by living to high achievement motivation expectations (Shunk, 1990, p. 3-6). Therefore learners must ensure they are able to rehearse contents, following the tutors best practices and elaborations. Learners must recognize the need for knowledge and skills recall as a success factor in their future life career. Learners with long term memory will find less need for retraining or tutorial refreshment with additional sensory memory tools. Memory can be enhances in an academic program by tests of the skills achievements (Luo Craik, 2008). This study reveals that memory can be enhanced from training approaches under a controlled learning process. Generally, memory supports achievement motivation under strategic modification and when it is learner centred. Thus, prospective memory is good for long-term memory achievement. Learners who cannot recall knowledge and engage in cheating are engaging in false memory presentation (Luo Craik, 2008).